Baltimore, MD
Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD metro area. 1,356,680 workers.
Cognitive exposure (generative AI)
Work like writing, sorting information, answering questions and handling records.
53
3 points above the US averageTop fifth of metros for cognitive exposure
Shaded: the middle 80% of metros (43 to 52); each tick above is one metro. The typical metro scores 47, not exactly 50, because 50 is the average US job, not the average metro.
28% of workers are in high-exposure jobs on this measure. US: about 25%.
Physical exposure (robotics and autonomy)
Work like driving, moving goods, running machines and repetitive handling.
47
3 points below the US averageBottom fifth of metros for physical exposure
Shaded: the middle 80% of metros (48 to 56); each tick above is one metro. The typical metro scores 51, not exactly 50, because 50 is the average US job, not the average metro.
20% of workers are in high-exposure jobs on this measure. US: about 25%.
- Workers in jobs high on either measure
- 48%
- US: about 49%. Counted once even when a job is high on both.
- Share of local pay earned in those jobs
- 47%
- About $46.6 billion a year, out of all pay in the jobs counted here.
Based on 98% of local jobs. The rest are in occupations where the government withholds small counts for privacy, or where no exposure score exists.
Federal wage data (OEWS) leaves out self-employed workers, private household workers, and most farms that hire directly, so farm-heavy metros are undercounted.
Jobs with the most exposed work
Ranked by how many people do the job here and how exposed the work is. Scores are 0 to 100 against all US jobs; 75 or higher counts as high exposure. Concentration compares the job's share of local work with its share nationally: 2.0x means twice as common here.
| Occupation | Mostly | Cognitive | Physical | Workers | Average pay | Concentration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General and Operations ManagersSOC 11-1021 | Cognitive | 63 | 45 | 44,960 | $134,760 | 1.5x |
| Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, HandSOC 53-7062 | Physical | 3 | 99 | 28,350 | $43,010 | 1.1x |
| Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and ExecutiveSOC 43-6014 | Cognitive | 88 | 51 | 29,780 | $50,990 | 2.0x |
| Retail SalespersonsSOC 41-2031 | Physical | 52 | 54 | 39,920 | $37,320 | 1.2x |
| Customer Service RepresentativesSOC 43-4051 | Cognitive | 97 | 62 | 17,480 | $45,800 | 0.8x |
| Registered NursesSOC 29-1141 | Cognitive | 55 | 6 | 30,930 | $99,100 | 1.1x |
| Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping CleanersSOC 37-2011 | Physical | 6 | 81 | 19,050 | $38,830 | 1.0x |
| CashiersSOC 41-2011 | Physical | 48 | 68 | 22,300 | $34,670 | 0.8x |
| Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck DriversSOC 53-3032 | Physical | 19 | 96 | 15,580 | $60,770 | 0.9x |
| Fast Food and Counter WorkersSOC 35-3023 | Physical | 26 | 71 | 21,090 | $33,820 | 0.6x |
| Stockers and Order FillersSOC 53-7065 | Physical | 29 | 83 | 17,180 | $40,710 | 0.7x |
| Business Operations Specialists, All OtherSOC 13-1199 | Cognitive | 84 | 34 | 16,400 | $102,650 | 1.7x |
| Software DevelopersSOC 15-1252 | Cognitive | 76 | 33 | 16,850 | $153,910 | 1.1x |
| Waiters and WaitressesSOC 35-3031 | Physical | 31 | 65 | 19,590 | $43,030 | 1.0x |
| Accountants and AuditorsSOC 13-2011 | Cognitive | 91 | 26 | 13,550 | $94,880 | 1.1x |
Exposure by occupation group
Average exposure of the work in each broad job family, shown separately for each measure. The same group can be high on one and low on the other.
| Occupation group | Share of workers | Exposure index, 0 to 100 |
|---|---|---|
| Office and Administrative Support | 12.0% of workers | Cognitive83 Physical46 |
| Management | 8.5% of workers | Cognitive71 Physical37 |
| Transportation and Material Moving | 8.3% of workers | Cognitive19 Physical87 |
| Business and Financial Operations | 8.2% of workers | Cognitive85 Physical30 |
| Sales and Related | 8.1% of workers | Cognitive62 Physical51 |
| Food Preparation and Serving Related | 7.8% of workers | Cognitive25 Physical68 |
| Healthcare Practitioners and Technical | 6.7% of workers | Cognitive51 Physical18 |
| Educational Instruction and Library | 5.9% of workers | Cognitive63 Physical30 |
| Computer and Mathematical | 5.0% of workers | Cognitive84 Physical45 |
| Healthcare Support | 4.5% of workers | Cognitive30 Physical29 |
| Construction and Extraction | 3.9% of workers | Cognitive16 Physical64 |
| Installation, Maintenance, and Repair | 3.5% of workers | Cognitive21 Physical38 |
| Protective Service | 3.1% of workers | Cognitive39 Physical36 |
| Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance | 2.8% of workers | Cognitive9 Physical75 |
| Production | 2.3% of workers | Cognitive22 Physical83 |
| Personal Care and Service | 2.1% of workers | Cognitive35 Physical40 |
| Community and Social Service | 2.0% of workers | Cognitive64 Physical11 |
| Architecture and Engineering | 1.9% of workers | Cognitive72 Physical63 |
| Life, Physical, and Social Science | 1.2% of workers | Cognitive80 Physical49 |
| Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media | 1.1% of workers | Cognitive66 Physical47 |
| Legal | 0.9% of workers | Cognitive81 Physical25 |
| Farming, Fishing, and Forestry | 0.1% of workers | Cognitive13 Physical93 |
What's happening here
Local developments tied to AI and automation, gathered from public reporting. Each one links to its source and shows when it was last checked.
No local signals have been collected for this metro yet. Signals are researched by hand and added for full-profile metros first. If you know of a data center proposal, an employer AI rollout or a local policy, it belongs here once it has a public source.
Sources
Where every number on this page comes from, and how current it is.
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), metropolitan areas, May 2025, Public domain (US government work)
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, national estimates, May 2025 (released 2026), US federal government work, public domain
- Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin, Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure, 2023 paper (Science 2024); repo commit dated 2025-10-04, MIT
- Felten, Raj, Seamans (2021), AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE), Data Appendix A, 2021 (Strategic Management Journal 42(12)); repo commit dated 2024-06-03, No license file in repo; published research data, cite Felten, Raj, Seamans (2021)
- BLS SOC 2010 to SOC 2018 crosswalk, November 2017, US federal government work, public domain
- O*NET Occupational Listings (taxonomy crosswalks, incl. O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019), O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy (file dated 2019-12-04), CC BY 4.0, O*NET 31.0 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA)
- O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Activities, O*NET 31.0, CC BY 4.0, O*NET 31.0 Database by USDOL/ETA
- O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Context, O*NET 31.0, CC BY 4.0, O*NET 31.0 Database by USDOL/ETA
- Webb (2020), "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market", raw occupation exposure scores (final_df_out.dta), Data page "Version 0.1" raw scores (964 O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations, O*NET 22.0); paper working draft January 2020, No license stated. Published by the author for research use on his data page (linked from michaelwebb.co); cite Webb (2020). The page warns the numbers are a work in progress.
- Webb (2020), exposure percentiles by occ1990dd, v0.2 (exposure_by_occ1990dd_lswt2010.csv), Data page "Version 0.2", No license stated; cite Webb (2020)
- Webb (2020), O*NET-SOC to occ1990dd crosswalk (onet_to_occ1990dd.dta), Data page "Version 0.1" crosswalks (Dorn occ1990dd as augmented by Deming), No license stated; cite Webb (2020)
- Anthropic Economic Index, release 2026-06-26 (Claude.ai, global, soc_occupation), Claude.ai conversations, April and May 2026 (release 2026-06-26), CC BY (data)
- Employment and wages
- May 2025
- Exposure measures
- BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, national estimates: May 2025 (released 2026); Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin, Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure: 2023 paper (Science 2024); repo commit dated 2025-10-04; Felten, Raj, Seamans (2021), AI Occupational Exposure (AIOE), Data Appendix A: 2021 (Strategic Management Journal 42(12)); repo commit dated 2024-06-03; BLS SOC 2010 to SOC 2018 crosswalk: November 2017; O*NET Occupational Listings (taxonomy crosswalks, incl. O*NET-SOC 2010 to 2019): O*NET-SOC 2019 taxonomy (file dated 2019-12-04); O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Activities: O*NET 31.0; O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Context: O*NET 31.0; Webb (2020), "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market", raw occupation exposure scores (final_df_out.dta): Data page "Version 0.1" raw scores (964 O*NET-SOC 2010 occupations, O*NET 22.0); paper working draft January 2020; Webb (2020), exposure percentiles by occ1990dd, v0.2 (exposure_by_occ1990dd_lswt2010.csv): Data page "Version 0.2"; Webb (2020), O*NET-SOC to occ1990dd crosswalk (onet_to_occ1990dd.dta): Data page "Version 0.1" crosswalks (Dorn occ1990dd as augmented by Deming); Anthropic Economic Index, release 2026-06-26 (Claude.ai, global, soc_occupation): Claude.ai conversations, April and May 2026 (release 2026-06-26)
- Census survey
- Not used for this metro
- Profile generated
- Nov 5, 2026